{"id":3981,"date":"2026-09-29T13:11:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T03:11:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/invictushealth.com.au\/resources\/medico-legal-neuropsychological-report-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-09-29T16:28:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T06:28:55","slug":"medico-legal-neuropsychological-report-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/invictushealth.com.au\/zh\/resources\/medico-legal-neuropsychological-report-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"What makes a good medico-legal neuropsychological report?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_class=&#8221;ih-post&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;24px||40px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;90%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;800px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||true|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<style>.ih-post a{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}.ih-post a:hover{color:#D89B2A}.ih-post ul,.ih-post ol{padding-left:1.4em;margin-bottom:1.2em}.ih-post li{margin-bottom:.45em}.ih-post h2{margin-top:1.6em;padding-bottom:.35em}.ih-post h3{margin-top:1.2em;padding-bottom:.3em}.ih-post table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:1em 0 1.6em;font-size:15px;background:#fff;border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden}.ih-post th{background:#1C386D;color:#fff;text-align:left;padding:10px 12px;font-weight:600}.ih-post td{padding:10px 12px;border-top:1px solid #E8EBF0;vertical-align:top}.ih-post blockquote{border-left:4px solid #D89B2A;background:#fff;padding:16px 20px;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;margin:1.2em 0}.ih-keypoints ul{list-style:none!important;padding-left:0!important}.ih-keypoints li{list-style:none!important}.ih-keypoints li{position:relative;padding-left:30px}.ih-keypoints li:before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:0;top:.55em;width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:50%;background:#D89B2A}.ih-post ol{list-style:decimal!important}.ih-refs ol{font-size:14px;line-height:1.6}.ih-refs li{word-break:break-word}.ih-related a{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid #E8EBF0;border-radius:12px;padding:14px 18px;margin-bottom:10px;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600}.ih-related a:hover{border-color:#D89B2A;color:#1C386D}.ih-cta p{color:#fff}@media(max-width:600px){.ih-post table{display:block;overflow-x:auto}}<\/style>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Montserrat||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.75em&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_2_font_size=&#8221;26px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.3em&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_3_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.35em&#8221; link_text_color=&#8221;#1C386D&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;19px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.7em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||32px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>A medico-legal neuropsychological report gives an independent opinion about a person&#8217;s thinking, behaviour and emotional functioning for a legal purpose. It might be used in a personal injury claim, a compensation scheme, a capacity dispute or a criminal matter.<\/p>\n<p>Reports vary widely in quality. This guide explains the rules that shape expert reports in Australia, the features of a strong neuropsychological report, common red flags, and how lawyers can brief the neuropsychologist to get a clear and useful opinion.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Montserrat||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.75em&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_2_font_size=&#8221;26px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.3em&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_3_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.35em&#8221; link_text_color=&#8221;#1C386D&#8221; module_class=&#8221;ih-keypoints&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;28px|32px|20px|32px|false|false&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||16px||false|false&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|16px|16px|16px|16px&#8221; border_width_left=&#8221;4px&#8221; border_color_left=&#8221;#D89B2A&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">Key points<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>An expert&#8217;s paramount duty is to assist the court impartially, not to advocate for a party.<\/li>\n<li>Court rules and expert codes set out what an expert report must contain.<\/li>\n<li>A strong report states its facts and assumptions, shows its reasoning and addresses test validity.<\/li>\n<li>Pre-injury history and other explanations, such as pain or mood, should be considered.<\/li>\n<li>A clear letter of instruction and complete records produce more useful opinions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Montserrat||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.75em&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_2_font_size=&#8221;26px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.3em&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_3_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.35em&#8221; link_text_color=&#8221;#1C386D&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>What a medico-legal neuropsychological report is<\/h2>\n<p>A neuropsychologist is a psychologist with specialist training in how brain function affects thinking, behaviour and emotions. In a medico-legal setting, they assess a person to answer specific legal questions. Common examples include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>whether a person has a cognitive impairment after a brain injury, and its likely cause<\/li>\n<li>how the impairment affects work, study, daily living and relationships<\/li>\n<li>whether the person had capacity to make a particular decision<\/li>\n<li>what treatment or support is likely to help, and the likely outlook.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This differs from a treating report. The neuropsychologist is not the person&#8217;s clinician, and the report is written for the court, tribunal or scheme.<\/p>\n<p>Compensation schemes, such as transport accident and workers compensation schemes, often have their own requirements about who can assess, what forms are used and which impairment guides apply. Our article on <a href=\"\/resources\/tac-neuropsychological-assessment\/\">neuropsychological assessments for TAC claims<\/a> gives one Victorian example. Tell the neuropsychologist which scheme applies before the assessment.<\/p>\n<h2>The rules that shape expert reports<\/h2>\n<h3>Court practice notes and codes<\/h3>\n<p>In the Federal Court, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fedcourt.gov.au\/law-and-practice\/practice-documents\/practice-notes\/gpn-expt\">Expert Evidence Practice Note (GPN-EXPT)<\/a> and its Harmonised Expert Witness Code of Conduct apply. The Code states that an expert witness is not an advocate for a party and has a paramount duty to assist the Court impartially. Reports must include the expert&#8217;s qualifications, the facts and assumptions relied on, the reasons for each opinion, and a declaration that the expert has made all the inquiries they believe are desirable.<\/p>\n<p>State courts have similar requirements. In NSW, the expert witness code of conduct is in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lec.nsw.gov.au\/lec\/coming-to-court\/experts--expert-evidence-and-general-witnesses\/expert-witness-code-of-conduct-and-duties.html\">Schedule 7 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules 2005<\/a>. In Victorian civil courts, the code appears as Form 44A in the court rules. In Victorian criminal trials, the Supreme Court&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au\/areas\/legal-resources\/practice-notes\/sc-cr-3-expert-evidence-in-criminal-trials\">Practice Note SC CR 3<\/a> applies in the Supreme and County Courts. Our guide to <a href=\"\/resources\/expert-witness-code-of-conduct-psychologists\/\">expert witness duties for psychologists<\/a> covers these in more detail.<\/p>\n<h3>Professional obligations<\/h3>\n<p>Psychologists must also follow the Psychology Board of Australia&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpra.gov.au\/documents\/default.aspx?record=WD24%2f34313&amp;dbid=AP&amp;chksum=CNgh4pCJoskMdMaxBGVUkQ%3d%3d\">Code of conduct for psychologists<\/a>, which took effect on 1 December 2025. Section 8.8 covers legal, insurance and other assessments where the usual psychologist and client relationship does not exist. It requires the psychologist to clarify their role, explain the purpose, nature and extent of the assessment, and obtain the person&#8217;s explicit consent.<\/p>\n<h2>Features of a strong report<\/h2>\n<p>A good report is easy to follow and makes its reasoning visible. Look for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Clear instructions and answers.<\/strong> The questions asked are set out, and each is answered directly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Relevant qualifications.<\/strong> The expert&#8217;s training and experience match the issues.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sources and assumptions.<\/strong> Records reviewed, interviews held and assumptions made are listed, and facts are separated from opinions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>A thorough history.<\/strong> Education, work, health, mental health and substance use before the event are described, along with the event itself and the course since.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Named tests and results.<\/strong> The tests used are identified, with scores reported in a clear, standard way, such as percentiles compared with people of a similar age.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Validity addressed.<\/strong> The report explains how the neuropsychologist checked that test results reflect the person&#8217;s true abilities, using recognised performance and symptom validity measures, and interprets them in context.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Other explanations considered.<\/strong> Pain, fatigue, sleep, mood, medication, pre-existing conditions, and language or cultural factors are weighed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reasoned opinions.<\/strong> Diagnosis, cause, functional impact and prognosis are explained step by step.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Practical recommendations.<\/strong> Treatment, rehabilitation or supports are specific and realistic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stated limits.<\/strong> The expert says where an issue falls outside their expertise or where information is missing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How scores should be presented<\/h3>\n<p>Scores mean little without context. A strong report explains what each score is compared against, such as people of the same age and, where relevant, education. It looks at the overall pattern across tests rather than a single low result, because one low score on its own does not prove impairment. It also compares current results with the person&#8217;s likely pre-injury ability.<\/p>\n<h3>Timing matters<\/h3>\n<p>After a brain injury, recovery can continue for months or longer. An assessment done early may show difficulties that later improve. A good report says how long it has been since the injury, whether further change is expected, and whether a review assessment would help before a final opinion on prognosis is given.<\/p>\n<h2>Red flags<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Conclusions with little or no reasoning.<\/li>\n<li>Opinions on matters outside neuropsychology.<\/li>\n<li>No mention of pre-injury functioning or records.<\/li>\n<li>Test scores presented without context, or only selected scores reported.<\/li>\n<li>No discussion of validity, or labels such as &#8220;malingering&#8221; used without careful reasoning.<\/li>\n<li>Language that sounds like advocacy rather than impartial analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Getting the most from your referral<\/h2>\n<h3>The letter of instruction<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Set out the legal context and the specific questions you need answered.<\/li>\n<li>Identify the relevant legal tests, such as the test for capacity or a scheme&#8217;s impairment criteria.<\/li>\n<li>Provide complete records, including those that may not favour your client. The Federal Court practice note expects parties to give experts relevant information, favourable or not.<\/li>\n<li>Include pre-event records where possible, such as school reports, employment records and earlier health records.<\/li>\n<li>Tell the clinic about interpreter, cultural or accessibility needs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Recording and observers<\/h3>\n<p>Requests to record an assessment or have an observer present are sometimes made. An interorganisational position paper by <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article\/36\/5\/686\/6226665\">Glen and colleagues<\/a> in <em>Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology<\/em> states that third party observation can threaten the validity of results and test security. It notes that the field opposes third party observers in medico-legal evaluations. Discuss any such request with the neuropsychologist early.<\/p>\n<h2>Preparing your client<\/h2>\n<p>Your client does not need to study or practise. It helps if they:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>get a good night&#8217;s sleep and eat beforehand<\/li>\n<li>bring glasses, hearing aids and a list of medications<\/li>\n<li>understand the assessor is independent and the report goes to the referrer<\/li>\n<li>know they can ask for breaks and should put in full effort on each task.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Clients should be told the assessment may take most of a day. Honest effort gives the most accurate picture of their abilities.<\/p>\n<h2>How Invictus Health can help<\/h2>\n<p>Our neuropsychologists provide <a href=\"\/medico-legal-assessments\/\">medico-legal assessments<\/a> for personal injury, compensation, capacity and other matters, as well as clinical <a href=\"\/services\/neuropsychology-assessments\/\">neuropsychology assessments<\/a>. Neuropsychology reports are reviewed by Dr Judy Tang OAM. We have assessment clinics in every state and territory.<\/p>\n<p>For information on costs, see our <a href=\"\/fees-and-rebates\/\">fees page<\/a>, or <a href=\"\/contact-us\/\">contact us<\/a> to discuss a referral. This article is general information and is not legal advice.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_class=&#8221;ih-post&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||40px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;90%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;800px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||true|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Frequently asked questions&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;0d2e527a-4607-4ae2-8846-c79e0fe77b57&#8243; title_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;30px&#8221; title_font_size_phone=&#8221;26px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||24px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;How is a medico-legal neuropsychological assessment different from a clinical one?&#8221; open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; open_icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;3c819e1c-a1df-44e0-b295-91df504cac97&#8243; title_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||16px||false|false&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;0px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-b0086ec0-695e-4e66-9415-2f92abceb706%22:%91%22background_color%22%93,%22gcid-primary-color%22:%91%22icon_color%22,%22title_text_color%22,%22open_toggle_text_color%22%93}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>A clinical assessment is done to help the person, usually at their request or their doctor&#8217;s. A medico-legal assessment answers questions for a court, tribunal, insurer or scheme. The neuropsychologist is independent, the report goes to the referrer, and the usual confidentiality is limited. The Psychology Board&#8217;s Code of conduct requires the psychologist to explain this and obtain explicit consent.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;What is performance validity testing?&#8221; open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; open_icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;3c819e1c-a1df-44e0-b295-91df504cac97&#8243; title_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||16px||false|false&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;0px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-b0086ec0-695e-4e66-9415-2f92abceb706%22:%91%22background_color%22%93,%22gcid-primary-color%22:%91%22icon_color%22,%22title_text_color%22,%22open_toggle_text_color%22%93}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Performance validity tests check whether a person&#8217;s test scores are a true reflection of their abilities. Low scores on these measures can have many causes, including low effort, fatigue, pain or distress. A good report explains which validity measures were used, what the results were, and how they affect the interpretation of the other test results.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Can the other side&#8217;s neuropsychologist use the same tests?&#8221; open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; open_icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;3c819e1c-a1df-44e0-b295-91df504cac97&#8243; title_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||16px||false|false&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;0px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-b0086ec0-695e-4e66-9415-2f92abceb706%22:%91%22background_color%22%93,%22gcid-primary-color%22:%91%22icon_color%22,%22title_text_color%22,%22open_toggle_text_color%22%93}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Repeating the same tests within a short time can affect results, because people may remember items or improve with practice. Neuropsychologists take this into account and may choose alternative tests. It helps if each expert knows what testing has already been done, and when, so they can plan an assessment that gives reliable results.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Should a medico-legal report comment on causation?&#8221; open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; open_icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;3c819e1c-a1df-44e0-b295-91df504cac97&#8243; title_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||16px||false|false&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;0px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-b0086ec0-695e-4e66-9415-2f92abceb706%22:%91%22background_color%22%93,%22gcid-primary-color%22:%91%22icon_color%22,%22title_text_color%22,%22open_toggle_text_color%22%93}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>If asked, yes, provided the question is within the neuropsychologist&#8217;s expertise. A careful opinion on causation considers the injury details, pre-injury functioning, other health conditions and events since. It should explain the reasoning and state any assumptions. Some causation questions, such as those about brain imaging, may need input from other specialists.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Can a lawyer ask the neuropsychologist to change a report?&#8221; open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; open_icon_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;3c819e1c-a1df-44e0-b295-91df504cac97&#8243; title_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#0b162b&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||16px||false|false&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;0px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-b0086ec0-695e-4e66-9415-2f92abceb706%22:%91%22background_color%22%93,%22gcid-primary-color%22:%91%22icon_color%22,%22title_text_color%22,%22open_toggle_text_color%22%93}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>A lawyer can point out factual errors or ask the expert to clarify or address an issue they missed. The expert must not change an opinion simply because a party asks. Under the expert codes, if an expert&#8217;s opinion changes in a material way, they should explain the change, usually in a supplementary report.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||40px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;90%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;800px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-primary-color&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;44px|40px|44px|40px|true|true&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|16px|16px|16px|16px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-primary-color%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_heading title=&#8221;Refer for a medico-legal neuropsychological assessment&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_level=&#8221;h2&#8243; title_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; title_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;28px&#8221; title_line_height=&#8221;1.3em&#8221; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||12px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Montserrat||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;17px&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; module_class=&#8221;ih-cta&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||20px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Contact us to discuss a referral, the questions you need answered and the records we will need.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;\/medico-legal-assessments\/&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Contact us&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;0029f5c3-2d88-4291-9b82-fcc9a95d1c64&#8243; button_border_width=&#8221;0px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|28px|10px|28px|true|true&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_class=&#8221;ih-post&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||56px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;90%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;800px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||true|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Montserrat||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.75em&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_2_font_size=&#8221;26px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.3em&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_3_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.35em&#8221; link_text_color=&#8221;#1C386D&#8221; module_class=&#8221;ih-refs&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||28px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">References<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Federal Court of Australia. Expert Evidence Practice Note (GPN-EXPT) and Harmonised Expert Witness Code of Conduct. Federal Court of Australia; 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fedcourt.gov.au\/law-and-practice\/practice-documents\/practice-notes\/gpn-expt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fedcourt.gov.au\/law-and-practice\/practice-documents\/pract&#8230;<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Psychology Board of Australia. Code of conduct for psychologists. Ahpra; 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ahpra.gov.au\/documents\/default.aspx?record=WD24%2f34313&amp;dbid=AP&amp;chksum=CNgh4pCJoskMdMaxBGVUkQ%3d%3d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ahpra.gov.au\/documents\/default.aspx?record=WD24%2f34313&amp;d&#8230;<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Land and Environment Court of NSW. Expert witness code of conduct and duties. NSW Government; accessed 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lec.nsw.gov.au\/lec\/coming-to-court\/experts--expert-evidence-and-general-witnesses\/expert-witness-code-of-conduct-and-duties.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lec.nsw.gov.au\/lec\/coming-to-court\/experts&#8211;expert-eviden&#8230;<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Supreme Court of Victoria. Practice Note SC CR 3: Expert evidence in criminal trials. Supreme Court of Victoria; 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au\/areas\/legal-resources\/practice-notes\/sc-cr-3-expert-evidence-in-criminal-trials\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">supremecourt.vic.gov.au\/areas\/legal-resources\/practice-no&#8230;<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Glen T, Barisa M, Ready R, Peck E, Spencer TR. Update on third party observers in neuropsychological evaluation: an interorganizational position paper. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology; 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/acn\/article\/36\/5\/686\/6226665\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">academic.oup.com\/acn\/article\/36\/5\/686\/6226665<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Montserrat||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.75em&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_2_font_size=&#8221;26px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.3em&#8221; header_3_font=&#8221;Montserrat|600|||||||&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#172C57&#8243; header_3_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.35em&#8221; link_text_color=&#8221;#1C386D&#8221; module_class=&#8221;ih-related&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Related articles<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"\/resources\/expert-witness-code-of-conduct-psychologists\/\">Expert witness duties for psychologists in Australian courts<\/a><a href=\"\/resources\/when-to-refer-for-neuropsychological-assessment-lawyers\/\">When should lawyers refer a client for a neuropsychological assessment?<\/a><a href=\"\/resources\/understanding-neuropsychological-report-scores\/\">Understanding your neuropsychological report: scores, percentiles and what they mean<\/a>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": &#91;{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is a medico-legal neuropsychological assessment different from a clinical one?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A clinical assessment is done to help the person, usually at their request or their doctor's. A medico-legal assessment answers questions for a court, tribunal, insurer or scheme. The neuropsychologist is independent, the report goes to the referrer, and the usual confidentiality is limited. The Psychology Board's Code of conduct requires the psychologist to explain this and obtain explicit consent.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is performance validity testing?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Performance validity tests check whether a person's test scores are a true reflection of their abilities. Low scores on these measures can have many causes, including low effort, fatigue, pain or distress. A good report explains which validity measures were used, what the results were, and how they affect the interpretation of the other test results.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the other side's neuropsychologist use the same tests?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Repeating the same tests within a short time can affect results, because people may remember items or improve with practice. Neuropsychologists take this into account and may choose alternative tests. It helps if each expert knows what testing has already been done, and when, so they can plan an assessment that gives reliable results.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Should a medico-legal report comment on causation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"If asked, yes, provided the question is within the neuropsychologist's expertise. 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Under the expert codes, if an expert's opinion changes in a material way, they should explain the change, usually in a supplementary report.\"}}&#93;}<\/script>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A strong medico-legal neuropsychological report answers the questions asked, shows its reasoning and addresses validity. Here is what lawyers should look for.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3049,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[184],"tags":[],"content_type":[],"class_list":["post-3981","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-capacity-medico-legal"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.6 (Yoast SEO v28.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Medico-legal neuropsychological reports | Invictus Health<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A guide for lawyers on what a strong medico-legal neuropsychological report contains, the expert codes that apply, and how to brief the neuropsychologist.\" \/>\n<meta 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